In the recent four-year World Telecommunication Standards Conference (WTSA-12) held in Dubai, China Mobile led and acted as the editor of the Packet Transport Network (PacketTransportNetwork, PTN) standard G.8113.1 was officially approved. The adoption of the G.8113.1 standard marks that PTN has officially become an international standard from a de facto industrial standard. This is the first time in the history of optical communications that the technology led by China has become an international standard. The first China-led basic standard in the field of optical communications TD-SCDMA pioneered the history of China's independent intellectual property rights international standards in the communications industry. After 12 years, PTN is the first in the optical communications industry. This milestone event is not only a strong driving force for the further growth of the PTN industry, but also highlights the current vigorous development of China's communications industry from the side. As the IP-based transport network technology dominated by China Mobile, PTN is a connection-oriented end-to-end telecommunications transport technology based on packet transport, with packet switching as the core, supporting multiple service bearers, and having comprehensive protection and OAM management functions. . As the 3G era matures and the 4G era approaches, IP data services are exploding. The traditional SDH with circuit crossover as the core has been difficult to meet the needs of communication transmission. In order to reduce network costs and improve bandwidth utilization, many operators and equipment manufacturers such as China Mobile have taken the lead in the development of a new generation of communication transmission technology PTN in the world, which has greatly improved bandwidth utilization while reducing network costs. Within four years, it has been changed from an enterprise standard to a widely used industry standard and international standard at home and abroad. After many twists and turns, PTN breaks into a butterfly Before 2009, PTN technology was still in the conceptual stage in the world, no standards, no equipment, no applications, it is urgent to improve the industry chain from links such as chips, equipment, and instruments, and promote the formulation of related standards. Driven by China Mobile, PTN chips, equipment, and instruments have grown from scratch, with more and more suppliers and models, and the entire industry chain has gradually matured. Up to now, in China, China Mobile has deployed 500,000 PTN equipment, reaching every prefecture and city in the country and becoming the world's largest PTN application operator. In foreign countries, more than 100 operators in more than 50 countries around the world have chosen PTN to improve their networks. In terms of standardization, after the smooth transition from enterprise standards to industry standards, the international standardization process of PTN can be described as one of twists and turns due to the differences in the key technology OAM between the international standardization organizations ITU-T and IETF. In response to the obstruction of the United States and other countries, before the WTSA-12 vote, China Mobile, under the guidance of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, actively communicated with the good offices of many countries and united the "China Force", "Asia-Pacific Force", "Asia-Africa Force", and "European Force" ", And finally passed the G.8113.1 standard. PTN's "application for bid" has gone through a full Olympic cycle, and finally broke into a butterfly, completing another strong voice of the Chinese communications industry in the process of competing for international voice. From following to leading to show China's strength Overview of the entire process of PTN technology research and development and industrial development, led by China Mobile, and other operators and equipment suppliers to complete multiple global "first" breakthroughs: including the first laboratory verification test, the first live network pilot, the first live network Large-scale application, first PTN interoperability test, etc. Each technology has undergone multiple inspections from R & D, testing to application promotion. Different from the full follow-up of the mobile communication standard in the 2G era, the breakthrough in TD-SCDMA in the 3G era and the attempt to lead the TD-LTE in the 4G era are different, PTN is from the inside to the outside, first to formulate a complete enterprise standard series from its own needs, Then, through testing and application to promote the maturity of the technology and form an absolute advantage to become a de facto industrial standard, and then through the influence of industry and enterprises to promote the formulation of standards and international standards. This is precisely the technology-led model most commonly used by traditional superior equipment manufacturers and operators in the global communications industry. After completing the splendid turn from following to leading, PTN's initial vision of R & D has been realized. Looking forward to the prospects, the PTN standard will develop in the direction of large capacity, large interface, and more secure and reliable. At the same time, it will also be recognized by more and more manufacturers and operators in the world and will be more widely used. We have reason to believe that with the successful certification of PTN as an international standard, China will increase the pace of transformation from a telecommunications power to a telecommunications power, and play an increasingly important role in the future stage of the international communications industry.
A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance
designed to boil or steam rice. It consists of a heat source, a cooking bowl,
and a thermostat. The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl
and controls the heat. Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and
other components, and may be multipurpose. Cooking rice has traditionally
required constant attention to ensure the rice was cooked properly, and not
burnt. Electric rice cookers automate the process by mechanically or
electronically controlling heat and timing, thus freeing up a heating element
on the cooking range that had to be otherwise occupied for rice cooking.
Although the rice cooker does not necessarily speed up the cooking process,
with an electric rice cooker the cook's involvement in cooking rice is reduced
to simply measuring the rice, preparing the rice properly and using the correct
amount of water. Once the rice cooker is set to cook, the rice will be cooked
with no further attention.
Features:
For modern home
rice cookers, the smallest single-person model cooks 1 rice cup (180 ml),
whereas large models can cook 10 cups. Commercial models can cook 20 or more
cups. As a possible source of confusion, model specifications and names may
list either cooked or uncooked capacity. Rice roughly doubles in size during
cooking; therefore, a 10 cup (uncooked) rice cooker can produce up to 20 cups
of cooked rice. The prices vary greatly, depending on the capacity, features,
materials used, and the country of origin.
The majority of
modern electric rice cookers are equipped with a stay-warm or keep-warm feature,
which keeps the rice at an optimal temperature for serving without over-cooking
it. Some gas cookers also have electric stay-warm mechanism. However, the
usefulness of this feature degrades over time, a microwave may be more energy
efficient or better suited to reheat rice that will sit longer than four hours.
Some rice
cookers use induction heating, with one or more induction heaters directly
warming the pot. This can improve energy efficiency.
Most modern
rice cookers use aluminium for the inner cooking bowl. There are some models
that use stainless steel instead of aluminium. Various other materials, such as
copper, pure carbon, ceramic, and diamond powder coating, may be used for
higher heat conductivity or better taste.
The
pressure-cooking models can raise the water's boiling point higher, e.g., from
100 °C at 1.0 atm up to about 110 °C at 1.4 atm, which speeds cooking. The
pressure-cooking models can also be used in high altitude areas, where the
boiling temperature is below 100 Celsius. Pressure cookers are also suitable
for cooking brown rice (which contains oils and bran fiber that cook
differently from pure white rice starch). Some pressure rice cookers have a
varying pressure control mechanism (named the "dual-pressure" method)
that creates repeated pressure/release cycles during the cooking.
There also
exist mechanisms to collect and return the boiled over liquid to the inner rice
bowl.
Many cookers now have microprocessor-controlled cooking cycles, which are often used to adjust for rice and
cooking type.
Applications
Rice cookers are typically used for the preparation of plain or
lightly seasoned rice. Each rice cooker model may be optimized to cook a
certain type of rice best. For example, most Japanese rice cookers are
optimized for cooking Japanese rice and may not be the best for other types of
rice[citation needed], although cooking time can be lengthened simply by more
water.
The typical method of cooking long grain rice
is boil-and-strain and/or steaming method. The absorption method used in
Japanese rice cookers will produce slightly different texture and taste,
usually stickier rice.
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking
times than white rice, unless it is broken or flourblasted (which perforates
the bran).
Different varieties of rice need different
cooking times, depending on their grain size, grain shape, and grain
composition. There are three main types of Asian rice: Oryza sativa subsp.
indica, i.e., Indian rice (long grain rice, e.g., basmati rice and Thai jasmine
rice), O. sativa subsp. javanica, i.e., Java rice (large grain rice) and O.
sativa subsp. japonica, i.e., Japanese rice (medium grain rice, e.g., Calrose
rice, short grain rice, e.g., most Japanese rice and risotto rice).
African rice, Oryza glaberrima, is an entirely
separate species, but can be cooked in the same way. Zizania is not even in the
same genus, although it is often called a rice (or "water oats"); it,
too, can also be cooked in a rice cooker.
A
rice cooker can be used to cook many boiled or steamed granular foods, such as
pot barley, bulgar wheat, and dal. Provided the ingredients have similar
cooking times, a rice cooker can cook mixtures such as khichdi. Some rice
cookers can be used as automated couscoussiers, cooking couscous and a stew
simultaneously.
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