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Below, we will introduce you to these seven kinds of speakers that are used in home and professional fields.
Electric Speakers This type of speaker is the most widely used, and it is divided into three types: paper cone, horn and dome.
Simple structure diagram of electric speaker â— Paper cone speaker, also known as moving coil speaker. It consists of three parts: 1 vibration system, including cone paper cone, voice coil and centering piece; 2 magnetic circuit system, including permanent magnet, magnetic plate and field column; 3 auxiliary system, including basin frame , terminal block, crimping and dust cover. When the voice coil in the magnetic field passes through the audio current, a magnetic field is generated which changes with the audio current. This magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnet to cause the voice coil to vibrate in the axial direction to emit sound. The speaker has a simple structure, full bass, soft sound quality, and wide frequency bandwidth, but the efficiency is low.
Paper cone speaker â— The horn speaker consists of a vibrating system (tweeter) and a horn. The vibration system is similar to the paper cone speaker, except that the diaphragm is not a cone, but a dome-shaped diaphragm. The vibration of the diaphragm radiates sound waves into the air through a horn (two reflections).
The horn loudspeaker horn loudspeaker has the advantages of strong directivity, high power and high efficiency, so it is widely used in venues, fields, and vast fields. Professional high-frequency horn loudspeakers have good sound quality and good frequency response, and are mainly used in theaters and other places where high requirements are required. The disadvantage of the horn type speaker is that the low frequency response is poor, the frequency band is narrow, and nonlinear distortion is likely to occur. The main difference between the horn speaker and the paper cone speaker is indirect radiation, that is, after the diaphragm vibrates, the sound is diffused outward through the horn, so that the sound is greatly enhanced, and the sound is concentrated in one direction, so that the sound travels more distance. far.
â— The dome-shaped speaker is one of the most widely used electric speakers in the current speaker. Its biggest advantage is its excellent mid-high frequency response and wide directivity. In addition, it has the advantages of good transient characteristics, low distortion and good sound quality. The dome-shaped speaker is suitable for all home theater series speakers currently on the market.
Ball-shaped speaker magnetic speaker (reed speaker)
Magnetic speakers are also known as "reed speakers." In the magnetic speaker structure, an electromagnet having a movable iron core between the two poles of the permanent magnet, when there is no current in the coil of the electromagnet, the movable iron core is attracted by the level attraction of the two magnetic pole phases of the permanent magnet, and remains stationary at the center; When a current flows in the coil, the movable iron core is magnetized to become a strip magnet.
The structure of the reed speaker changes with the direction of the current, and the polarity of the strip magnet changes accordingly, so that the movable iron core rotates around the fulcrum. The vibration of the movable iron core is transmitted from the cantilever to the diaphragm (paper cone) to push the air heat. vibration.
Ion speaker In the normal state, the molecules of air are neutral and uncharged. However, after high-voltage discharge, it becomes charged particles, and this phenomenon is called dissociation. By using the audio voltage to vibrate the free air, sound waves are generated, which is the principle of the ion speaker.
For ionization, a high frequency voltage of 20 MHz is applied, and the audio signal voltage is superimposed thereon. The ion speaker is composed of a high frequency oscillating portion, an audio signal modulating portion, a discharge chamber and a horn. The discharge chamber adopts a quartz rod with a diameter of 8 mm at the center to open a quartz tube, and one electrode is inserted therein, and the other electrode is cylindrically sleeved on the outside of the quartz tube. Since the form of silent discharge is used, only the center needle electrode has Loss, the center electrode can be replaced periodically. The difference between the ion speaker and other speakers is that there is no diaphragm, so the transient characteristics and high frequency characteristics are very good, but the structure is very complicated.
The ultrasonic speaker ultrasonic speaker is an ultrasonic sound reproduction technology that has been successfully developed in recent years and is entering the practical stage. The principle of this ultrasonic sound reproduction technology: instead of using any conventional speaker unit, it uses an ultrasonic generator to generate two specially processed ultrasonic beams, when the two beams simultaneously act on the eardrum of the human ear. It is possible to produce hearing due to interaction.
Usually, no sound is heard when only one beam is applied to the tympanic membrane. Since the ultrasonic speed has a strong and controllable directivity, the intersection of the two beams can form a small sound-reducing area. When the human ear is in this area, the sound can be heard, and once the human ear You can't hear it when you leave the area.
With this feature, some of today's top luxury cars are equipped with multiple sets of such ultrasonic sound reproduction systems, forming a listening area in each seat, so that each passenger can choose their favorite content, but not each other. Any interference is generated without affecting the conversation between passengers.
Electrostatic speaker (capacitive speaker)
The electrostatic speaker is a speaker that operates by the electrostatic force applied to the capacitor plate. As seen from the structure, since the positive and negative electrodes face each other in a capacitor shape, they are also called capacitive speakers. It has two thick and hard materials as the fixed plates, which can transmit sound through the plates, and a thin and light material in the middle for the diaphragm (such as aluminum film). The diaphragm is fixed and tensioned to maintain a considerable distance from the fixed pole. Even on the large diaphragm, it does not touch the fixed pole.
The schematic diagram of the electrostatic speaker has a constant current voltage (called bias voltage) between the two electrodes of the electrostatic speaker. If the audio voltage outputted by the amplifier is applied between the two electrodes, it overlaps with the original output voltage to form an alternating pulsating voltage. This pulsating voltage is generated due to the change in the attraction force of the two-pole gap, and the diaphragm vibrates to sound.
The advantage of the electrostatic speaker is that the entire diaphragm vibrates in phase, the diaphragm is light, the distortion is small, and the extremely crisp sound can be reproduced, and the resolution is good, the details are clear, and the sound is realistic. Its shortcoming is low efficiency, high-voltage DC power supply, easy to vacuum, and increased distortion of the diaphragm. It is not suitable for listening to rock and heavy metal music, and the price is relatively expensive.
Airflow modulation speaker (airflow speaker)
The airflow modulation speaker is a speaker that uses compressed air as an energy source to modulate the airflow with an audio current. It consists of a gas chamber, a modulating valve, a horn and a magnetic circuit. The compressed air flow passes through the valve through the air chamber and is modulated by the applied audio signal, so that the fluctuation of the air flow changes according to the applied audio signal, and the modulated air flow is coupled through the horn to improve the efficiency of the system. It is mainly used as a sound source for high-intensity noise environment testing or long-distance broadcasting.
Airflow Bar Speaker Schematic A speaker that operates using the inverse piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric material is called a piezoelectric speaker. Dielectrics (such as quartz, sodium potassium tartrate and other crystals) are polarized under pressure, causing a potential difference between the two ends of the surface, which we call the "piezoelectric effect." Its inverse effect, that is, the dielectric placed in the electric field undergoes elastic deformation, called "inverse piezoelectric effect" or "electrostriction".
Compared with an electric speaker, a piezoelectric speaker does not require a magnetic circuit, and does not require a bias voltage compared with an electrostatic speaker. The structure is simple and inexpensive, and the disadvantage is that the distortion is large and the operation is unstable. Currently, piezoelectric speakers are mostly piezoelectric ceramic speakers.
The above classification is mainly based on the principle of utterance. The speaker can also be divided into diaphragm shapes, mainly tapered, flat, dome-shaped, strip-shaped, thin-shaped, etc.; according to the frequency of sound release, can be divided into woofer, midrange speaker, tweeter, full-range speaker Wait.
How seven main speakers work
The speaker is commonly called a speaker. Simply put, it is an electroacoustic device that can convert electrical signals into sound. It is an important device in the sound system. As one of the electroacoustic transducing devices that convert electrical energy into acoustic energy, the quality and characteristics of the loudspeaker play a decisive role in the sound quality of the entire acoustic system. Due to the different materials, technologies and working principles, the speakers can be divided into many types, such as electric speakers, magnetic speakers, ion speakers, and electrostatic speakers.