On October 13, 2003, IBM and the Ministry of Education of China announced in Beijing that the two sides will establish a Chinese education and research grid to promote comprehensive cooperation in education, scientific research, and a wider range of universities across the country. The project was jointly proposed by 12 universities including Peking University, South China University of Technology, and Tsinghua University. It is by far the most grand grid project launched by the government and one of the largest grid computing projects in the world so far. Its application fields include many fields from life sciences, image processing to distance education. When the grid is completed, it will widely share the resources of 100 key national universities in the 211 project construction on the education and research network, and will reach the function of more than 15 trillion floating-point operations when the project is completed. Forbes ASAP, the technology version of Forbes magazine in the United States, predicted in 2001 that the next-generation Internet wave would be to upgrade the World Wide Web to the Great Global Grid. So what exactly is a grid? 1 The meaning of the grid 1.1 Grid concept The grid is an integrated computing and resource environment, or a computing resource pool. It can integrate the entire Internet into a huge supercomputer, and realize a wide range of related widely distributed computing resources, storage resources, data resources, information resources, knowledge resources, expert resources, equipment resources and even talents. Comprehensive sharing of such resources. The fundamental feature of the grid is resource sharing, eliminating resource islands. Of course, we can also construct regional grids, enterprise internal grids, LAN grids, even home grids and personal grids. The grid concept can be understood from the following three aspects: First, conceptually, the goal of the grid is to work together in resource sharing and distribution. This concept of the grid can clearly guide the resources of various departments in the industry and the enterprise to carry out unified planning, deployment, integration and sharing of the industry or the enterprise as a whole, rather than just planning and occupying each part of the industry or large enterprise And use resources. Second, the grid is a technology. In order to achieve multiple types of distributed resource sharing and collaboration, network computing technology must solve multiple levels of resource sharing and cooperation technologies, formulate grid standards, and upgrade the Internet from communication and information interaction platforms to resource sharing platforms. However, current technologies such as parallel computing and distributed computing middleware are far from solving the key issues facing grid computing such as the sharing of resources among multiple organizations and the joint processing and computing between multiple systems in a wide area. Therefore, the research of grid computing technology is unique, urgent and challenging. Third, the grid is an infrastructure, a basic facility that integrates resources such as computers, data, equipment, and services through various grids. The establishment of such a facility will enable users to use electricity on demand as today, without having to provide a large number of complete computer systems and complex software on the user's end, you can easily get the various services provided by the grid. In this way, equipment, software investment and maintenance costs will be greatly reduced. The construction level of the grid environment is shown in Figure 1, which is mainly composed of resources, middleware, tool software and application programs. The resources are composed of various types of resources distributed on the Internet, including various types of hosts, workstations, and even PCs. They can also be cluster systems, large-scale storage devices, databases, or other devices of the above models. Middleware is the core of grid computing and is responsible for providing remote process management, resource allocation, storage access, login and authentication, security, and quality of service (QoS). Tool software and application programs provide users with the environment, tools, languages, and interfaces for secondary development and utilization in order to make better use of grid resources. 1.3 Judgment criteria of grid To prove whether a system is a grid, fundamentally, we must look at the applications, business value, and scientific conclusions that this system can provide, not its system structure. Ian Foster, a neighbor of global grid research, has three restrictions on grids: First, coordinate decentralized control resources. The grid integrates various resources and coordinates various users. These resources and users are in different control domains, such as personal computers and central computers, different management units of the same or different companies; the grid also solves the security, policy, usage costs, and memberships that occur in this distributed environment. Issues such as permissions. Otherwise, it can only be called a local management system rather than a grid. Second, use standard, open, and universal protocols and interfaces. The grid is built on multi-functional protocols and interfaces that solve basic problems such as authentication, authorization, resource discovery, and resource access. Otherwise, it can only be a specific application system rather than a grid. Second, use standard, open, and universal protocols and interfaces. The grid is built on multi-functional protocols and interfaces that solve basic problems such as authentication, authorization, resource discovery, and resource access. Otherwise, it can only be a specific application system rather than a grid. Third, get non-trivial service quality. The grid allows its resources to be used in a coordinated manner to obtain multiple service qualities to meet the needs of different users, such as system response time, circulation, effectiveness, security, and resource relocation, making the combined system more efficient than its parts The total effect is much greater. 2 Grid architecture At present, there are two more important grid architectures: one is the five-layer hourglass structure proposed by Ian Foster et al. Earlier; the other is under the influence of the industry represented by IBM After considering the development and influence of Web technology, Ian Foster (Ian Foster) and other structural Web Services proposed an open grid service structure OGSA (Open Grid Services Architcture). 2.1 Five-layer hourglass structure The five-layer hourglass structure is a very influential structure. Its main feature is simplicity, which mainly focuses on the description of positioning rather than the specific protocol definition. The basic idea is to focus on the "protocol", and also emphasizes the importance of API (ApplicaTIon Programming Interfaces) and SDK (Software Development Kits). The five-layer hourglass model is structure layer, connection layer, resource layer, convergence layer and application layer from the bottom layer. The grid construction layer is composed of various physical resources, including storage resources, computing resources, directories, databases, network resources, sensors, etc. The basic function of the construction layer is to control and manage local resources and provide an interface to access these resources. . The grid connection layer realizes the communication and data exchange between the resources of the construction layer, and defines the core communication and authentication protocols. The grid resource layer is built on the communication and authentication protocols of the connection layer, and provides services such as data access, computer access, status and performance information access. It considers a single local resource, and the global state and atomic operations across distributed resource sets are considered by the convergence layer. The main function of the grid convergence layer is to coordinate the separation of "multiple" resources and complete tasks collaboratively. The convergence layer implements more advanced applications based on resources. The aggregation layer can be divided into a general aggregation layer and a problem-oriented aggregation layer. The grid application layer exists in a virtual organization environment. The application can be constructed according to the services defined in the above layer. It can call the services of the resource layer and the services of the convergent aggregation layer to meet the application requirements. Taking the power system as an analogy, the first four levels are equivalent to power plants, power grids, substations and power distribution rooms, while the application level is equivalent to the electric gates, meters and power sockets in the residence. Another important feature is the hourglass shape, as shown in Figure 2. The core protocol forms a bottleneck in the protocol hierarchy. The resource layer and the connection layer together form the core bottleneck part, and they provide secure access to resources. 2.2 Open grid service structure OGSA The open grid service system OGSA is a framework composed of nodes and connections. The nodes of the framework are grid services and the connection between grid services is the language used when grid services communicate with each other. Grid services are special network services designed to maintain and manage grid systems. The OGSA grid is also a five-layer structure, the structure of which is the same as the five-layer hourglass structure, and the structure layer, connection layer, resource layer, convergence layer and application layer are from bottom to top. However, the OGSA structure has the following characteristics compared to the five-layer hourglass structure: (1) Service-centric model If the five-layer hourglass structure is a protocol-centric "protocol structure" that attempts to achieve the sharing of resources, OGSA is a service-centric "service structure" that implements the sharing of services. OGSA treats everything as a service and defines a "grid service", which provides a set of interfaces that explicitly abide by specific conventions to solve problems such as service discovery, dynamic service creation, life cycle management, and notification. Therefore, the grid is a scalable collection of grid services. Simply put, grid service = interface / behavior + service data. (2) Unified Web Service framework Web Service describes a new and important distributed computing paradigm, and defines a technology for describing the software components being accessed, the method of accessing the components, and the method of finding related services before finding the locust, which solves the discovery and excitation The problem of permanent service. OGSA conforms to the standard Web service framework. However, in the grid, a large number of temporary services, so OGSA extended the Web service, the imitation of the grid service (Grid Service), so that it can support temporary service instances, and can support the creation and deletion. (3) Breakthrough in science and technology applications Just as Web technology first appeared as a scientific agreement, but later it was widely used in the commercial field, OGSA transferred the grid technology that was mainly used in the technology field to the industrial and commercial field. The characteristics of OGSA-oriented services allow us to virtualize resources at different levels, so the same mechanism and abstraction can be applied to distributed grid-supported collaboration between multiple organizations, or the main environment spanning multiple characteristics. 2.3 Application example: Globus system Globus is a network computing project developed by Argonne National Laboratory in the United States, and 12 universities and research institutions participate in the project. Globus conducted research on key theories of network computing such as resource management, information security, information services, and data management, and developed network computing tool software (Toolkit) that runs on various platforms to help set up and plan large-scale network test platforms and develop large-scale network test platforms. Application software running on the network system. Toolkit is the most important achievement of Globus, and its first edition was launched in 1999. On January 13, 2003, Globus Toolkit 3.0 (Alpha version) conforming to the OGSA specification was released at the first Globus world conference. This indicates that OGSA has moved from a concept and an architecture to the stage of putting it into practice. Toolkit is open source, anyone can download the source code directly from their website. Globus protocol is divided into five layers: construction layer, connection layer, resource layer, collection layer and application layer. Each layer has its own service, API and SDK, and the upper layer protocol calls the services of the lower layer protocol. All global applications in the grid call the operating system through the services provided by the protocol. Globus' grid computing protocol is built on the Internet protocol and is based on the communication, routing, and name resolution functions in the Internet protocol. According to Globus, existing sharing solutions, such as the Internet, B2B, ASP, SSP, Java, CORBA, DCE, etc., cannot meet the needs of virtual organizations in terms of the flexibility of sharing configuration or the types of shared resources. At the same time, Globus is not trying to replace the existing technology, but hopes to establish a higher level of sharing on top of the existing technology. In order to effectively support the grid computing environment, the Globus toolkit provides a series of services, software libraries, programming interfaces (APIs) and usage examples for the various protocols proposed in the Globus project. So far, Globus Toolkit has become the de facto grid standard. Some important companies, including IBM, Microsoft, Compaq, Cray, SGI, Sun, Fujitsu, Hitachi, NEC, etc. have publicly announced support for the Globus Toolkit. At present, most grid projects are built based on the protocols and services provided by Globus Toolkit. For example, the US physical grid GriPhyN, the European physical data grid DataGrid, the Dutch cluster computer grid DAS-2, and the US Department of Energy ’s Scientific Grid, DISCOM Grid, TeraGrid of American academics, etc. 3 Grid research history and current situation Large-scale grid research programs have been launched from developed countries in the United States, Japan and Europe to developing countries such as India, and have received strong support from the industry. The development of the grid so far can basically be divided into the following stages: The first is the budding stage: in the early 1990s, it was mainly the implementation of gigabit test beds and some meta-computing. The second is the early experimental stage: from the mid to late 1990s of the last century, such as the I-WAY project, it also includes some academic software projects, such as Globus and Legion. The third is the stage of rapid development: since 2002, there have been a large number of application communities and projects, mainly the development and use of local dialects, and the industry ’s interest in grid computing is growing, such as IBM, Platform, Microsoft, Sun, Compaq, etc. s company. At the same time, a relatively significant technical foundation, such as the Globus Toolkit, has also formed the Global Gria Forum (GGF) organization with considerable scale and world influence. At present, IBM is a leading supplier of grid systems and services. It has provided products and services for grid systems of many technology groups, government agencies, and commercial users, including the British National Grid, the Netherlands, and North Carolina. The state's biogrid and so on. The American Sun Microsystems Corporation released the beta version of the "Grid Engine" Enterprise Edition in 2002. HP also proposed the UTIlity CompuTIng plan and UTIlity Data Center products. Oracle Corporation launched a database application tool for grid-based Globus in November 2002. The computer information processing system of the 2008 Beijing Olympics will use grids. IBM, Oracle, SUN, NP have all launched a series of grid-enabled products. In May 2003, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan decided to invest 70 billion yen to develop a very large grid computer. It appears in the world's fastest computing computer nearly 10 times faster, reaching 300 trillion times per second. The major scientific research projects such as the high-performance computing project and the software project in China's "Tenth Five-Year Plan" 863 plan are all related to grid technology. At present, China has launched two projects: "National High-Performance Computing Environment" and "Advanced Computing Infrastructure Beijing-Shanghai Pilot Project" to study grid computing. The ongoing "Vega Project" (Vega Project) of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is the main breakthrough point for grid computing research with metadata, component frameworks, agents, grid public information protocols and grid computing protocols. 4 Grid problems and development prospects 4.1 Problems The next-generation Internet technology is completely new, from fiber optics to routers, switches, upper-layer servers, operating systems, various system software and application software will have revolutionary changes. Therefore, Globus and its various alternative versions will face huge obstacles on the development path of the grid. In order to realize the wide application of grid, the following problems must also be solved: (1) Standard is the key to success. Just like the TCP / IP protocol is the core of the Internet, building grid computing also requires the definition of standard protocols and services. So far, there is no formal standard for grid computing, but in terms of core technology, GlobusToolkit has become the de facto standard for grid computing. (2) Dynamic allocation of grid resources. How to achieve collaborative resource sharing and collaboration among dynamic and heterogeneous virtual organizations is a very important issue in the grid. Some existing resource allocation techniques for parallel and distributed computing systems are not well adapted to the characteristics of computing grid resource allocation problems. (3) The problem of delay when data passes through the Internet. The intelligent software should ensure that the data is transmitted on time, otherwise, the means of grid processing will be limited to "parallel computing." Parallel computing is done on different machines, and one computer does not need to wait for the processing results of another computer. (4) The current problem of insufficient data transmission capacity of the Internet. To this end, the development of the grid should be combined with the construction of the next generation of broadband Internet (such as the "Next Generation Internet (NGI)" and "Internet2" in the United States). On the other hand, the use of wireless mobile and satellite communications is also a realistic approach. (5) To further solve the problem of the combination of human and computer, and make the network grid more personalized, intelligent and scientific. (6) Solve the problems of intelligent property rights, mutual trust and remuneration in online resource sharing and how to ensure the security, authentication and reliability of grid computing through legal means. 4.2 Development prospects Grid is a problem-oriented and application-oriented technology. Its goal is to achieve high-performance resource sharing and collaborative work in a network virtual environment, eliminating information islands and resource islands. This new network system may not only bring about dramatic, revolutionary, and structural changes in the acquisition, distribution, transmission, and effective use of information resources, but will fundamentally change our research methods, education methods, lifestyles, and production. Way of activity. Once the grid is established, many work and research that were not possible before can be carried out, which can drive the production and consumption of a large number of related products in the industry. Based on the grid, it will stimulate countless service provision and service consumption. According to "Forbes ASAP", grid technology will reach its peak in 2005 and bring a new life to the Internet. If grid technology can promote the market to continue to grow at the expected annual growth rate of 17%, then a large industry with an annual output value of 20 trillion US dollars will be formed in 2020.
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figure 1
1.2 Grid composition 